缺血性心律失常的危险评估方法
彭丁,柳景华
摘要(Abstract):
<正>心血管疾病死亡率居各类疾病死亡构成的首位原因。其中最重要的就是缺血性心脏病,而缺血性心律失常更是最重要的死亡原因之一。本文旨在对缺血性心脏病患者发生心律失常的危险评估方法进行综述,帮助临床医师对高危患者进行筛选及预防。1缺血性心律失常概况2014年中国心血管病报告提示,中国心源性猝死年发生率为41.8/10万人~([1])。在美国,每年心源性猝死事件为
关键词(KeyWords): 缺血性心脏病;心律失常;危险评估
基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金(81570388);; 国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)课题(2015CB554404);; 北京市自然科学基金项目(7142048)
作者(Author): 彭丁,柳景华
参考文献(References):
- [1]隋辉,陈伟伟,王文.中国心血管病报告2014要点介绍.中华高血压杂志,2015,23(7):627-629.
- [2]Chugh SS,Jui J,Gunson K,et al.Current burden of sudden cardiac death:multiple source surveillance versus retrospective death certificate-based review in a large U.S.community.J Am Coll Cardiol,2004,44(6):1268-1275.
- [3]Bayes de Luna A,Coumel P,Leclercq JF,et al.Ambulatory sudden cardiac death:mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases.Am J Cardiol,117(1):151-159.
- [4]Podrid PJ,Myerburg RJ.Epidemiology and stratification of risk for sudden cardiac death.Clin Cardiol,2005,28(11 Suppl 1):I3-11.
- [5]Janse MJ,Wit AL.Electrophysiological mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias resulting from myocardial ischemia and infarction.Physiol Rev,1989 69(4):1049-1069.
- [6]Cain ME.Impact of denervated myocardium on improving risk stratification for sudden cardiac death.Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc,2014,125:141-153.
- [7]Yancy CW,Jessup M,Bozkurt B,et al.2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure:a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines.Circulation,2013,128(16):e240-e327.
- [8]Kutyifa V,Moss AJ,Klein H,et al.Use of the wearable cardioverter defibrillator in high-risk cardiac patients:data from the prospective registry of patients using the wearable cardioverter defibrillator(WEARIT-II Registry).Circulation,2015,132(17):1613-1619.
- [9]Zishiri ET,Williams S,Cronin EM,et al.Early risk of mortality after coronary artery revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and potential role of the wearable cardioverter defibrillator.Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol,2013,6(1):117-128.
- [10]Chatterjee NA,Roka A,Lubitz SA,et al.Reduced appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy after cardiac resynchronization therapy-induced left ventricular function recovery:a meta-analysis and systematic review.Eur Heart J,2015,36(41):2780-2789.
- [11]Windecker S,Kolh P,Alfonso F,et al.2014 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization.Euro Intervention,2015,10(9):1024-1094.
- [12]Priori SG,Blomstrom-Lundqvist C,Mazzanti A,et al.2015ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death:the task force for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC)endorsed by:association for european paediatric and congenital cardiology(AEPC).Europace,2015,17(11):1601-1687.
- [13]曹克将,黄从新,张澍.室性心律失常中国专家共识.中国心脏起搏与心电生理杂志,2016,20(4):283-325.
- [14]Gould PA,Krahn AD.Complications associated with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator replacement in response to device advisories.JAMA,2006,295(16):1907-1911.
- [15]Buxton AE,Lee KL,Hafley GE,et al.Limitations of ejection fraction for prediction of sudden death risk in patients with coronary artery disease:lessons from the MUSTT study.J Am Coll Cardiol,2007,50(12):1150-1157.
- [16]Myerburg RJ,Mitrani R,Interian A,et al.Interpretation of outcomes of antiarrhythmic clinical trials:design features and population impact.Circulation,1998,97(15):1514-1521.
- [17]Buxton AE,Ellison KE,Lorvidhaya P,et al.Left ventricular ejection fraction for sudden death risk stratification and guiding implantable cardioverter-defibrillators implantation.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol,2010,55(5):450-455.
- [18]Sen F,Yilmaz S,Kuyumcu MS,et al.The presence of fragmented QRS on 12-lead electrocardiography in patients with coronary artery ectasia.Korean Circ J,2014,44(5):307-311.
- [19]周萌,孙林,李波,等.心电图碎裂QRS波与急性心肌梗死患者室性心律失常及左心室收缩功能的相关性.中国心血管杂志,2014,19(1):24-27.
- [20]Ozcan F,Turak O,Canpolat U,et al.Fragmented QRS predicts the arrhythmic events in patients with heart failure undergoing ICD implantation for primary prophylaxis:more fragments more appropriate ICD shocks.Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol,2014,19(4):351-357.
- [21]Das MK,Saha C,El Masry H,et al.Fragmented QRS on a 12-lead ECG:a predictor of mortality and cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease.Heart Rhythm,2007,4(11):1385-1392.
- [22]Brenyo A,Pietrasik G,Barsheshet A,et al.QRS fragmentation and the risk of sudden cardiac death in MADITⅡ.J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2012,23(12):1343-1348.
- [23]Hetland M,Haugaa KH,Sarvari SI,et al.A novel ECG-index for prediction of ventricular arrhythmias in patients after myocardial infarction.Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol,2014,19(4):330-337.
- [24]Oehler A,Feldman T,Henrikson CA,et al.QRS-T angle:a review.Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol,2014,19(6):534-542.
- [25]Borleffs CJ,Scherptong RW,Man SC,et al.Predicting ventricular arrhythmias in patients with ischemic heart disease:clinical application of the ECG-derived QRS-T angle.Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol,2009,2(5):548-554.
- [26]Kurl S,Makikallio TH,Rautaharju P,et al.Duration of QRS complex in resting electrocardiogram is a predictor of sudden cardiac death in men.Circulation,2012,125(21):2588-2594.
- [27]Teodorescu C,Reinier K,Uy-Evanado A,et al.Prolonged QRS duration on the resting ECG is associated with sudden death risk in coronary disease,independent of prolonged ventricular repolarization.Heart Rhythm,2011,8(10):1562-1567.
- [28]Nicolson WB,Mc Cann GP,Brown PD,et al.A novel surface electrocardiogram-based marker of ventricular arrhythmia risk in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.J Am Heart Assoc,2012,1(4):e001552.
- [29]Nicolson WB,Mc Cann GP,Smith MI,et al.Prospective evaluation of two novel ECG-based restitution biomarkers for prediction of sudden cardiac death risk in ischaemic cardiomyopathy.Heart,2014,100(23):1878-1885.
- [30]Haugaa KH,Grenne BL,Eek CH,et al.Strain echocardiography improves risk prediction of ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction.JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2013,6(8):841-850.
- [31]Haugaa KH,Smedsrud MK,Steen T,et al.Mechanical dispersion assessed by myocardial strain in patients after myocardial infarction for risk prediction of ventricular arrhythmia.JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2010,3(3):247-256.
- [32]Ersbll M,Valeur N,Andersen MJ,et al.Early echocardiographic deformation analysis for the prediction of sudden cardiac death and life-threatening arrhythmias after myocardial infarction.JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2013,6(8):851-860.
- [33]De Haan S,Meijers TA,Knaapen P,et al.Scar size and characteristics assessed by CMR predict ventricular arrhythmias in ischaemic cardiomyopathy:comparison of previously validated models.Heart,2011,97(23):1951-1956.
- [34]Rijnierse MT,De Haan S,Harms HJ,et al.Impaired hyperemic myocardial blood flow is associated with inducibility of ventricular arrhythmia in ischemic cardiomyopathy.Circ Cardiovasc Imaging,2014,7(1):20-30.
- [35]Lingman M,Hartford M,Karlsson T,et al.Value of the QRS-T area angle in improving the prediction of sudden cardiac death after acute coronary syndromes.Int J Cardiol,2016,218:1-11.
- [36]Pastor Pérez FJ,Manzano-Fernández S,Goya-Esteban R,et al.Comparison of detection of arrhythmias in patients with chronic heart failure secondary to non-ischemic versus ischemic cardiomyopathy by 1 versus 7-day holter monitoring.Am J Cardiol,2010,106(5):677-681.
- [37]Scirica BM,Braunwald E,Belardinelli L,et al.Relationship between nonsustained ventricular tachycardia after non-STelevation acute coronary syndrome and sudden cardiac death:observations from the metabolic efficiency with ranolazine for less ischemia in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromethrombolysis in myocardial infarction 36(MERLIN-TIMI 36)randomized controlled trial.Circulation,2010,122(5):455-462.
- [38]Verrier RL,Nearing BD,La Rovere MT,et al.Ambulatory electrocardiogram-based tracking of T wave alternans in postmyocardial infarction patients to assess risk of cardiac arrest or arrhythmic death.J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2003,14(7):705-711.
- [39]Stein PK,Sanghavi D,Domitrovich PP,et al.Ambulatory ECGbased T-wave alternans predicts sudden cardiac death in highrisk post-MI patients with left ventricular dysfunction in the EPHESUS study.J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2008,19(10):1037-1042.
- [40]Chen Z,Shi Y,Hou X,et al.Microvolt T-wave alternans for risk stratification of cardiac events in ischemic cardiomyopathy:a meta-analysis.Int J Cardiol,2013,167(5):2061-2065.
- [41]Gatzoulis KA,Tsiachris D,Arsenos P,et al.Prognostic value of programmed ventricular stimulation for sudden death in selected high risk patients with structural heart disease and preserved systolic function.Int J Cardiol,2014,176(3):1449-1451.
- [42]Zaman S,Narayan A,Thiagalingam A,et al.Long-term arrhythmia-free survival in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction and no inducible ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction.Circulation,2014,129(8):848-854.
- [43]Zaman S,Narayan A,Thiagalingam A,et al.What is the optimal left ventricular ejection fraction cut-off for risk stratification for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death early after myocardial infarction?Europace,2014,16(9):1315-1321.
- [44]Zaman S,Narayan A,Thiagalingam A,et al.Significance of repeat programmed ventricular stimulation at electrophysiology study for arrhythmia prediction after acute myocardial infarction.Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2014,37(7):795-802.
- [45]Zaman S,Kumar S,Narayan A,et al.Induction of ventricular tachycardia with the fourth extrastimulus and its relationship to risk of arrhythmic events in patients with post-myocardial infarct left ventricular dysfunction.Europace,2012,14(12):1771-1777.
- [46]Thakkar JB,Zaman S,Byth K,et al.Right ventricular dysfunction predisposes to inducible ventricular tachycardia at electrophysiology studies in patients with acute ST-segmentelevation myocardial infarction and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction.Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol,2014,7(5):898-905.
- [47]Yalin K,Golcuk E,Buyukbayrak H,et al.Infarct characteristics by CMR identifies substrate for monomorphic VT in post-MI patients with relatively preserved systolic function and ns-VT.Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2014,37(4):447-453.
- [48]Exner DV,Kavanagh KM,Slawnych MP,et al.Noninvasive risk assessment early after a myocardial infarction the REFINE study.J Am Coll Cardiol,2007,50(24):2275-2284.